When Did Saying You Know Start Vernacular

Common voice communication diversity of a specific population

A colloquial or vernacular language refers to the linguistic communication or dialect that is spoken past people that are inhabiting a item country or region. The vernacular is typically the native language, unremarkably spoken informally rather than written, and seen as of lower status than more than codified forms.^[1] It may vary from more prestigious voice communication varieties in different ways, in that the vernacular tin be a singled-out stylistic register, a regional dialect, a sociolect, or an independent language. Vernacular is a term for a type of spoken language variety, by and large used to refer to a local language or dialect, every bit singled-out from what is seen as a standard language. The vernacular is assorted with higher-prestige forms of language, such equally national, literary, liturgical or scientific idiom, or a lingua franca, used to facilitate communication beyond a large surface area.

According to another definition, a vernacular is a language that has not developed a standard diversity, undergone codified, or established a literary tradition.^{[two] [iii]} In the context of language standardization, the terms "vernacular" and "vernacular dialect" are also used equally culling designations for "non-standard dialect".^{[4] [v]}

Etymology [edit]

Beginning usage of the give-and-take "colloquial" is not recent. In 1688, James Howell wrote:

Concerning Italian republic, doubtless at that place were defined before the Latin did spread all over that Country; the Calabrian, and Apulian spoke Greek, whereof some Relicks are to be found to this day; only it was an adventitious, no Mother-Language to them: 'tis confess'd that Latium it self, and all the Territories most Rome, had the Latin for its maternal and common start vernacular Tongue; but Tuscany and Liguria had others quite discrepant, viz. the Hetruscane and Mesapian, whereof though in that location be some Records yet extant; nevertheless there are none alive that can sympathise them: The Oscan, the Sabin and Tusculan, are idea to exist but Dialects to these.

Here, colloquial, mother linguistic communication and dialect are already in utilize in a modern sense.^[6] Co-ordinate to Merriam-Webster,^[seven] "vernacular" was brought into the English language language as early equally 1601 from the Latin vernaculus ("native") which had been in figurative apply in Classical Latin as "national" and "domestic", having originally been derived from vernus and verna, a male or female slave born in the house rather than abroad. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words vernaculus, vernacula. Varro, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term vocabula vernacula, "termes de la langue nationale" or "vocabulary of the national language" equally opposed to foreign words.^[8]

Concepts of the vernacular [edit]

General linguistics [edit]

In contrast with lingua franca [edit]

Allegory of Dante Alighieri, champion of the utilise of vernacular Italian for literature rather than the lingua franca, Latin. Fresco by Luca Signorelli in the cappella di San Brizio dome, Orvieto.

Ratio of books printed in Europe in the colloquial languages to those in Latin in the 15th century^[9]

In full general linguistics, a colloquial is assorted with a lingua franca, a third-political party language in which persons speaking different vernaculars non understood by each other may communicate.^[ten] For case, in Western Europe until the 17th century, virtually scholarly works had been written in Latin, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in Romance languages are said to exist in the vernacular. The Divina Commedia, the Cantar de Mio Cid, and The Song of Roland are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively.

In Europe, Latin was used widely instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until c. 1701, in its latter stage as New Latin.

In faith, Protestantism was a driving force in the apply of the colloquial in Christian Europe, the Bible being translated from Latin into vernacular languages with such works as the Bible in Dutch: published in 1526 past Jacob van Liesvelt; Bible in French: published in 1528 past Jacques Lefevre d'Étaples (or Faber Stapulensis); German Luther Bible in 1534 (New Attestation 1522); Bible in Spanish: published in Basel in 1569 by Casiodoro de Reina (Biblia del Oso); Bible in Czech: Bible of Kralice, printed betwixt 1579 and 1593; Bible in English language: King James Bible, published in 1611; Bible in Slovenian, published in 1584 by Jurij Dalmatin. In Catholicism, colloquial bibles were later provided, but Latin was used at Tridentine Mass until the Second Vatican Council of 1965. Certain groups, notably Traditionalist Catholics, continue to exercise Latin Mass. In Eastern Orthodox Church, four Gospels translated to colloquial Ukrainian language in 1561 are known as Peresopnytsia Gospel.

In Bharat, the 12th century Bhakti movement led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular.

In scientific discipline, an early user of the colloquial was Galileo, writing in Italian c. 1600, though some of his works remained in Latin. A afterward case is Isaac Newton, whose 1687 Principia was in Latin, but whose 1704 Opticks was in English. Latin continues to be used in certain fields of science, notably binomial nomenclature in biology, while other fields such every bit mathematics use vernacular; see scientific nomenclature for details.

In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the 1710s, due to the military power of Louis Xiv of France.

Sure languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely used examples beingness Standard arabic and Chinese: see Varieties of Arabic and Chinese language. In the 1920s, due to the May Fourth Movement, Classical Chinese was replaced by written colloquial Chinese.

As a depression variant in diglossia [edit]

The colloquial is besides often contrasted with a liturgical language, a specialized use of a former lingua franca. For example, until the 1960s, Roman Rite Catholics held Masses in Latin rather than in vernaculars; the Coptic Church still holds liturgies in Coptic, not Arabic; the Ethiopian Orthodox Church holds liturgies in Ge'ez though parts of Mass are read in Amharic.

Similarly, in Hindu culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in Sanskrit (long after its use as a speech) or in Tamil in Tamil state. Sanskrit was a lingua franca among the non-Indo-European languages of the Indian subcontinent and became more of one every bit the speech communication, or prakrits, began to diverge from it in different regions. With the ascent of the bhakti movement from the twelfth century onwards, religious works were created in the other languages: Hindi, Kannada, Telugu and many others. For example, the Ramayana, one of Hinduism's sacred epics in Sanskrit, had vernacular versions such as Ranganadha Ramayanam composed in Telugu by Gona Buddha Reddy in the 15th century; and Ramacharitamanasa, a Hindi version of the Ramayana past the 16th-century poet Tulsidas.

These circumstances are a contrast betwixt a colloquial and language variant used past the same speakers. Co-ordinate to one school of linguistic thought, all such variants are examples of a linguistic phenomenon termed diglossia ("split tongue", on the model of the genetic anomaly^[11]). In it, the language is bifurcated, i.e. the speaker learns two forms of the language and normally uses one just nether special circumstances the other. The 1 nearly frequently used is the low (Fifty) variant, equivalent to the vernacular, while the special variant is the loftier (H). The concept was introduced to linguistics past Charles A. Ferguson (1959), merely Ferguson explicitly excluded variants as divergent as dialects or different languages or as similar as styles or registers. H must not be a conversational form; Ferguson had in mind a literary language. For example, a lecture is delivered in a different variety than ordinary conversation. Ferguson's own example was classical and spoken Arabic, but the analogy between Vulgar Latin and Classical Latin is of the same type. Excluding the upper-class and lower-course register aspects of the two variants, Classical Latin was a literary linguistic communication; the people spoke Vulgar Latin as a vernacular.

Joshua Fishman redefined the concept in 1964 to include everything Ferguson had excluded. Fishman allowed both different languages and dialects and also dissimilar styles and registers as the H variants. The essential dissimilarity between them was that they exist "functionally differentiated"; that is, H must be used for special purposes, such as a liturgical or sacred language. Fasold expanded the concept still farther by proposing that multiple H exist in society from which the users can select for various purposes. The definition of an H is intermediate between Ferguson's and Fishman's. Realizing the inappropriateness of the term diglossia (simply ii) to his concept, he proposes the term wide diglossia.^[12]

Sociolinguistics [edit]

Within sociology of language, the term "vernacular" has been applied to several concepts. Context, therefore, is crucial to determining its intended sense.

As an informal annals [edit]

In variation theory, pioneered by William Labov, language is a big prepare of styles or registers from which the speaker selects according to the social setting of the moment. The colloquial is "the least self-conscious mode of people in a relaxed conversation", or "the most basic manner"; that is, coincidental varieties used spontaneously rather than self-consciously, breezy talk used in intimate situations. In other contexts the speaker does conscious work to select the appropriate variations. The one they can apply without this effort is the first class of oral communication acquired.^[13]

As a non-standard dialect [edit]

In another theory, the vernacular is opposed to the standard. The non-standard varieties thus defined are dialects, which are to be identified equally complexes of factors: "social form, region, ethnicity, situation, and so forth." Both the standard and the not-standard language have dialects, simply in contrast to the standard, the not-standard have "socially disfavored" structures. The standard are primarily written (in traditional print media) but the non-standard are spoken. An instance of a vernacular dialect is African American Vernacular English.^[5]

Equally an idealisation [edit]

A colloquial is not a real language but is "an abstract fix of norms."^[xiv]

Showtime vernacular grammar [edit]

Vernaculars caused the status of official languages through metalinguistic publications. Between 1437 and 1586, the first grammar of Italian, Castilian, French, Dutch, German and English were written, though not e'er immediately published. It is to be understood that the beginning vestiges of those languages preceded their standardization by upwards to several hundred years.

Dutch [edit]

In the 16th century, the "rederijkerskamers", learned literary societies founded throughout Flemish region and Holland from the 1420s onward, attempted to impose a Latin structure on Dutch, on the presumption that Latin grammar had a "universal character."^[xv] However, in 1559 John Iii van de Werve, Lord of Hovorst published his grammar Den schat der Duytsscher Talen in Dutch and then did Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (Eenen nieuwen ABC of Materi-boeck) in 1564. The Latinizing tendency changed class with the joint publication in 1584 past De Eglantier, the rhetoric society of Amsterdam, of the first comprehensive Dutch grammar, Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst/ ófte Vant spellen ende eyghenscap des Nederduitschen taals. Hendrick Laurenszoon Spieghel was a major correspondent merely others contributed too.

English language [edit]

Mod English is considered to have begun at a conventional engagement of about 1550, most notably at the end of the Great Vowel Shift. It was created by the infusion of Old French into Former English after the Norman conquest of 1066 Advert and of Latin at the instigation of the clerical administration. While nowadays-twenty-four hours English speakers may be able to read Centre English authors such every bit Geoffrey Chaucer, Old English is much more difficult.

Middle English is known for its alternative spellings and pronunciations. The British Isles, although geographically limited, have e'er supported populations of widely variant dialects (as well as a few unlike languages). Being the linguistic communication of a maritime power, English language was of necessity formed from elements of many different languages. Standardization has been an ongoing upshot. Fifty-fifty in the age of modern communications and mass media, co-ordinate to one written report,^[16] "… although the Received Pronunciation of Standard English has been heard constantly on radio and then television for over lx years, only three to 5% of the population of Britain actually speaks RP … new brands of English have been springing up even in recent times ...." What the vernacular would be in this case is a moot point: "… the standardisation of English has been in progress for many centuries."

Modern English came into being as the standard Centre English, i.e. as the preferred dialect of the monarch, court and assistants. That dialect was East Midland, which had spread to London where the rex resided and from which he ruled. Information technology contained Danish forms not often used in the north or south, equally the Danes had settled heavily in the midlands. Chaucer wrote in an early E Midland style, John Wycliffe translated the New Testament into information technology, and William Caxton, the first English printer, wrote in it. Caxton is considered the first modern English author.^[17] The first printed book in England was Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, published by Caxton in 1476.

The first English grammars were written in Latin, with some in French.^[xviii] Later a general plea for mother-tongue education in England: The first part of the elementary, published in 1582 by Richard Mulcaster,^[19] William Bullokar wrote the starting time English grammar to be written in English: Pamphlet for Grammar, followed by Bref Grammer, both in 1586. Previously he had written Booke at Big for the Subpoena of Orthography for English language Spoken communication (1580) but his orthography was not generally accepted and was before long supplanted, and his grammer shared a similar fate. Other grammars in English followed quickly: Paul Greaves' Grammatica Anglicana, 1594; Alexander Hume's Orthographie and Congruitie of the Uk Natural language, 1617, and many others.^[20] Over the succeeding decades many literary figures turned a hand to grammer in English: Alexander Gill, Ben Jonson, Joshua Poole, John Wallis, Jeremiah Wharton, James Howell, Thomas Lye, Christopher Cooper, William Lily, John Colet and so on, all leading to the massive dictionary of Samuel Johnson.

French [edit]

French (as Onetime French) emerged as a Gallo-Romance language from Vernacular Latin during tardily antiquity. The written language is known from at least as early on as the 9th century. That linguistic communication contained many forms still identifiable as Latin. Interest in standardizing French began in the 16th century.^[21] Because of the Norman conquest of England and the Anglo-Norman domains in both northwestern France and Uk, English scholars retained an involvement in the fate of French too every bit of English. Some of the numerous 16th-century surviving grammars are:

• John Palsgrave, L'esclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530; in English).
• Louis Meigret, Tretté de la grammaire françoeze (1550).
• Robert Stephanus: Traicté de la grammaire françoise (1557).

German [edit]

The development of a standard High german was impeded by political disunity and strong local traditions until the invention of printing made possible a "Loftier High german-based book language."^[22] This literary language was non identical to any specific variety of German. The first grammer evolved from pedagogical works that as well tried to create a uniform standard from the many regional dialects for various reasons. Religious leaders wished to create a sacred linguistic communication for Protestantism that would be parallel to the use of Latin for the Roman Cosmic Church. Diverse administrations wished to create a civil service, or chancery, language that would be useful in more one locality. And finally, nationalists wished to counter the spread of the French national language into German-speaking territories assisted by the efforts of the French Academy.

With so many linguists moving in the aforementioned direction, a standard German (hochdeutsche Schriftsprache) did evolve without the assistance of a language academy. Its precise origin, the major constituents of its features, remains uncertainly known and debatable. Latin prevailed as a lingua franca until the 17th century, when grammarians began to argue the cosmos of an ideal language. Before 1550 as a conventional date, "supraregional compromises" were used in printed works, such every bit the one published by Valentin Ickelsamer (Ein Teutsche Grammatica) 1534. Books published in one of these bogus variants began to increase in frequency, replacing the Latin and then in use. After 1550 the supraregional platonic broadened to a universal intent to create a national linguistic communication from Early New High German past deliberately ignoring regional forms of speech,^[23] which practice was considered to be a form of purification parallel to the ideal of purifying religion in Protestantism.

In 1617, the Fruitbearing Order, a language guild, was formed in Weimar in imitation of the Accademia della Crusca in Italy. Information technology was one of many such clubs; still, none became a national academy. In 1618–1619 Johannes Kromayer wrote the showtime all-German grammar.^[24] In 1641 Justin Georg Schottel in teutsche Sprachkunst presented the standard language every bit an artificial one. Past the fourth dimension of his work of 1663, ausführliche Arbeit von der teutschen Haubt-Sprache, the standard language was well established.

Irish [edit]

Auraicept na n-Éces is a grammer of the Irish gaelic language which is thought to date back as far every bit the 7th century: the primeval surviving manuscripts are 12th-century.

Italian [edit]

Italian appears earlier standardization as the lingua Italica of Isidore and the lingua vulgaris of subsequent medieval writers. Documents of mixed Latin and Italian are known from the twelfth century, which appears to be the commencement of writing in Italian.^[25]

The first known grammar of a Romance language was a book written in manuscript course by Leon Battista Alberti betwixt 1437 and 1441 and entitled Grammatica della lingua toscana, "Grammer of the Tuscan Language." In information technology Alberti sought to demonstrate that the colloquial – here Tuscan, known today every bit modern Italian – was every bit as structured every bit Latin. He did so by mapping vernacular structures onto Latin.

The book was never printed until 1908. Information technology was not generally known, only it was known, as an inventory of the library of Lorenzo de'Medici lists it under the title Regule lingue florentine ("Rules of the Florentine language"). The only known manuscript re-create, nevertheless, is included in the codex, Reginense Latino 1370, located at Rome in the Vatican library. It is therefore called the Grammatichetta vaticana. ^[26]

More influential mayhap were the 1516 Regole grammaticali della volgar lingua of Giovanni Francesco Fortunio and the 1525 Prose della vulgar lingua of Pietro Bembo. In those works the authors strove to establish a dialect that would authorize for becoming the Italian national language.^[27]

Occitan [edit]

The offset grammar in a vernacular language in western Europe was published in Toulouse in 1327. Known every bit the Leys d'amor and written by Guilhèm Molinièr, an advocate of Toulouse, it was published in order to formulate the employ of the Occitan language in poetry competitions organized past the company of the Gai Saber in both grammer and rherotical ways.

Spanish [edit]

Spanish (more accurately, lengua castellana) has a development chronologically similar to that of Italian: some vocabulary in Isidore of Seville, traces afterward, writing from most the 12th century, standardization starting time in the 15th century, coincident with the rise of Castile as an international power.^[28] The showtime Spanish grammer by Antonio de Nebrija (Tratado de gramática sobre la lengua Castellana, 1492) was divided into parts for native and nonnative speakers, pursuing a unlike purpose in each: Books i–4 draw the Castilian language grammatically in guild to facilitate the study of Latin for its Spanish speaking readers. Volume v contains a phonetical and morphological overview of Castilian for nonnative speakers.

Welsh [edit]

The Grammar Books of the Master-poets (Welsh: Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid) are considered to have been composed in the early fourteenth century, and are present in manuscripts from soon later. These tractates describe on the traditions of the Latin grammars of Donatus and Priscianus and too on the teaching of the professional Welsh poets. The tradition of grammars of the Welsh Language developed from these through the Middle Ages and to the Renaissance.^[29]

Kickoff vernacular dictionaries [edit]

A dictionary is to be distinguished from a glossary. Although numerous glossaries publishing vernacular words had long been in existence, such as the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville, which listed many Spanish words, the commencement vernacular dictionaries emerged together with vernacular grammars.

Dutch [edit]

Glossaries in Dutch began about 1470 Advertisement leading somewhen to 2 Dutch dictionaries:^[30]

• Christophe Plantin: Thesaurus Theutonicae Linguae, 1573
• Cornelis Kiliaan: Dictionarium Teutonico-Latinum, 1574 (becoming Etymologicum with the 1599 3rd edition)

Shortly afterward (1579) the Southern Netherlands came under the dominion of Spain, then of Austria (1713) and of French republic (1794). The Congress of Vienna created the United The netherlands in 1815 from which southern Netherlands (being Cosmic) seceded in 1830 to form the Kingdom of Belgium, which was confirmed in 1839 by the Treaty of London.^[31] As a result of this political instability no standard Dutch was defined (even though much in demand and recommended every bit an ideal) until afterwards World War Two. Currently the Dutch Language Marriage, an international treaty organization founded in 1980, supports a standard Dutch in the Netherlands, while Afrikaans is regulated past Die Taalkommissie founded in 1909.

English [edit]

Standard English remains a quasi-fictional ideal, despite the numerous private organizations publishing prescriptive rules for it. No linguistic communication academy was ever established or espoused by any authorities past or present in the English language-speaking globe. In practice the British monarchy and its administrations established an ideal of what good English should be considered to exist, and this in turn was based on the teachings of the major universities, such as Cambridge Academy and Oxford University, which relied on the scholars whom they hired. At that place is a full general just far from uniform consensus amongst the leading scholars about what should or should not exist said in standard English, simply for every rule examples from famous English language writers can be found that interruption it. Uniformity of spoken English never existed and does not exist now, but usages practice exist, which must be learnt by the speakers, and practise non conform to prescriptive rules.

Usages have been documented non by prescriptive grammars, which on the whole are less comprehensible to the general public, but by comprehensive dictionaries, ofttimes termed unabridged, which try to listing all usages of words and the phrases in which they occur besides as the date of first use and the etymology where possible. These typically require many volumes, and yet not more then than the unabridged dictionaries of many languages.

Bilingual dictionaries and glossaries precede mod English and were in utilise in the earliest written English. The first monolingual dictionary was^[32] Robert Cawdrey'due south Table Alphabeticall (1604) which was followed by Edward Phillips's A New Earth of English Words (1658) and Nathaniel Bailey'south An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721). These dictionaries whetted the interest of the English-speaking public in greater and more prescriptive dictionaries until Samuel Johnson published Plan of a Lexicon of the English Linguistic communication (1747), which would imitate the lexicon existence produced by the French Academy. He had no problem acquiring the funding, simply not as a prescriptive dictionary. This was to be a grand comprehensive lexicon of all English words at whatever period, A Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication (1755).

Past 1858, the need for an update resulted in the first planning for a new comprehensive dictionary to document standard English, a term coined at that time by the planning committee.^[33] The dictionary, known as the Oxford English language Dictionary, published its showtime fascicle in 1884. It attracted pregnant contributions from some singular minds, such every bit William Chester Minor, a former army surgeon who had become criminally insane and made most of his contributions while incarcerated. Whether the OED is the long-desired standard English Dictionary is debatable, but its authorization is taken seriously by the unabridged English-speaking globe. Its staff is currently working on a third edition.

French [edit]

Surviving dictionaries are a century earlier than their grammars. The Académie française founded in 1635 was given the obligation of producing a standard lexicon. Some early dictionaries are:

• Louis Cruse, alias Garbin: Dictionaire latin-françois, 1487
• Robert Estienne, alias Robertus Stephanus: Dictionnaire françois–latin, 1539
• Maurice de la Porte: Epitheta, 1571
• Jean Nicot: Thresor de la langue fracoyse, tant ancienne que moderne, 1606
• Pierre Richelet: Dictionnaire françois contenant les mots et les choses, 1680
• Académie française: Dictionnaire de fifty'Académie française, 1694 annis.

German [edit]

High German dictionaries began in the 16th century and were at first multi-lingual. They were preceded past glossaries of German words and phrases on diverse specialized topics. Finally interest in developing a vernacular German language grew to the point where Maaler could publish a work called by Jacob Grimm "the first truly High german lexicon",^[34] Joshua Maaler'southward Die Teutsche Spraach: Dictionarium Germanico-latinum novum (1561).

It was followed along like lines by Georg Heinisch: Teütsche Sprache und Weißheit (1616). After numerous dictionaries and glossaries of a less-than-comprehensive nature came a thesaurus that attempted to include all German, Kaspar Stieler'due south Der Teutschen Sprache Stammbaum und Fortwachs oder Teutschen Sprachschatz (1691), and finally the first codification of written German,^[35] Johann Christoph Adelung's Versuch eines vollständigen grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuches Der Hochdeutschen Mundart (1774–1786). Schiller called Adelung an Orakel and Wieland is said to accept nailed a copy to his desk.

Italian [edit]

In the early 15th century a number of glossaries appeared, such as that of Lucillo Minerbi on Boccaccio in 1535, and those of Fabrizio Luna on Ariosto, Petrarca, Boccaccio and Dante in 1536. In the mid-16th the dictionaries began, as listed below. In 1582 the starting time language academy was formed, chosen Accademia della Crusca, "bran university", which sifted linguistic communication like grain. One time formed, its publications were standard-setting.^[36]

Monolingual

• Alberto Accarisio: Vocabolario et grammatica con l'orthographia della lingua volgare, 1543
• Francesco Alunno: Le richezze della lingua volgare, 1543
• Francesco Alunno: La fabbrica del mondo, 1548
• Giacomo Pergamini: Il memoriale della lingua italiana, 1602
• Accademia della Crusca: Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, 1612

Italian / French

• Nathanael Duez : Dittionario italiano e francese/Dictionnaire italien et François, Leiden, 1559–1560
• Gabriel Pannonius: Petit vocabulaire en langue françoise et italienne, Lyon, 1578
• Jean Antoine Fenice : Dictionnaire françois et italien, Paris, 1584

Italian / English

• John Florio: A Worlde of Words, London, 1598
• John Florio: Queen Anna'southward New World of Words, London, 1611

Italian / Spanish

• Cristóbal de las Casas: Vocabulario de las dos lenguas toscana y castellana, Sevilla, 1570
• Lorenzo Franciosini: Vocabulario italiano e spagnolo/ Vocabulario español e italiano, Roma, 1620.

Serbian [edit]

• The first colloquial Serbian dictionary was Srpski rječnik (Serbian lexicon) written by Vuk Karadžić and published in 1818.

Spanish [edit]

The first Castilian dictionaries in the 15th century were Latin-Castilian/Spanish-Latin, followed by monolingual Castilian. In 1713 the Real Academia Española, "Royal Spanish Academy," was founded to set standards. It published an official dictionary, 1726–1739.

• Alonzo de Palencia: El universal vocabulario en latin y romance, 1490
• Antonio de Nebrija: Lexicon latino-hispanicum et hispanico-latinum, 1492
• Sebastián de Covarrubias Orozco: Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, 1611
• Real Academia Española: Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 1726–1739

Metaphorical usage [edit]

The term "vernacular" may also be practical metaphorically to any cultural product of the lower, common orders of club that is relatively uninfluenced by the ideas and ideals of the educated élite. Hence, colloquial has had connotations of a coarseness and crudeness. "Vernacular architecture", for example, is a term applied to buildings designed in any fashion based on practical considerations and local traditions, in contrast to the "polite compages" produced by professionally trained architects to nationally or internationally agreed aesthetic standards. The historian Guy Beiner has developed the study of "vernacular historiography" as a more sophisticated conceptualization of folk history.^[37]

See also [edit]

• Colloquial language
• Dialect
• Outset language
• Sociology
• Glossary
• Literary language
• National linguistic communication
• Slang
• Sociolect
• Standard linguistic communication

References [edit]

1. ^ Yule, George (27 Oct 2016). The Written report of Language 6th Edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9781316776780.
2. ^ Van Keulen, Jean E.; Weddington, Gloria Toliver; DeBose, Charles Due east. (1998). Speech, Language, Learning, and the African American Child . Allyn and Bacon. p. 50. ISBN9780205152681.
3. ^ Suhardi & Sembiring (2007), p. 61–62
4. ^ Fodde Melis (2002), p. 36
5. ^ ^{a b} Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1998). American English: dialects and variation. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. pp. xiii–sixteen.
6. ^ Howell, James (1688). Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ: Familiar letters, domestic and forren (6th ed.). London: Thomas Grey. p. 363.
7. ^ "vernacular". Merriam-Webster Online . Retrieved 8 November 2009.
8. ^ Gaffiot, Felix (1934). "vernaculus". Dictionnaire Illustré Latin Français. Paris: Librairie Hachette.
9. ^ "Incunabula Brusque Title Catalogue". British Library. Retrieved two March 2011.
10. ^ Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006). An introduction to sociolinguistics . Malden, Mass.; Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 59. ISBN9781405135597. In 1953, UNESCO defined a lingua franca every bit 'a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them.'
11. ^ "diglossia". Stedman'southward Medical Dictionary (5th ed.). 1918.
12. ^ Fasold 1984, pp. 34–sixty
13. ^ Mesthrie 1999, pp. 77–83
14. ^ Society 2005, p. 13
15. ^ Noordegraaf 2000, p. 894
16. ^ Milroy, James; Milroy, Lesley (1985). Authority in language: investigating linguistic communication prescription and standardisation . Routledge. p. 29.
17. ^ Champneys 1893, pp. 269, 285–286, 301, 314
18. ^ Dons 2004, p. 6
19. ^ Dons 2004, p. 5
20. ^ Dons 2004, pp. 7–ix
21. ^ Diez 1863, pp. 118–119
22. ^ Wells 1985, p. 134
23. ^ Langer, Nils (2002), "On the Importance of Foreign Language Grammars for a History of Standard German", in Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (eds.), Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages, Electric current Issues in Linguistic Theory 235, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 69–70
24. ^ Wells 1985, p. 222
25. ^ Diez 1863, pp. 75–77
26. ^ Marazzini, Claudio (2000), "102. Early grammatical descriptions of Italian", in Auroux, Sylvain; Koerner, E. F. K.; Niederehe, Hans-Josef; et al. (eds.), History of the Language Sciences / Histoire des sciences du langage / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften, Part i, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 742–749
27. ^ Diez 1863, p. 77
28. ^ Diez 1863, p. 98
29. ^ Gruffudd, R. Geraint (2006), "Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid", in Koch, John (ed.), Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, pp. 843–4
30. ^ Brachin 1985, p. 15
31. ^ Brachin 1985, pp. 26–27
32. ^ Bex 1999, p. 76
33. ^ Bex 1999, p. 71
34. ^ Wells 1985, pp. 214–215
35. ^ Wells 1985, p. 339
36. ^ Yates, Frances Amelia (1983). Renaissance and reform: the Italian contribution. Vol. two. Taylor & Francis Group. p. xviii.
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• Brachin, Pierre (1985). The Dutch language: a survey. Leiden: East.J. Brill.
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External links [edit]

Look up vernacular in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Illich. "Colloquial Values". The Preservation Institute. Archived from the original on xx July 2016. Retrieved 7 Nov 2009.
• Vernacular (disambiguation)

When Did Saying You Know Start Vernacular

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular

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